表现/Representation – ALA-Designdaily

建筑可视化中的氛围

admin — Wed, 08 Jul 2020 12:11:20 +0000

非常感谢 Belén Maiztegui 将以下授权ALA-Designdaily发行。
Appreciation towards Belén Maiztegui providing the following description:

建筑可视化技术在近些年取得了极大的进步，为建筑师提供越来越准确的刻画，它甚至在地基建设好之前就能为建筑师提供作品的真实视角。对于建筑师和与之一同工作的人们来说，可视化的目标是通过手工或是电脑绘画图像、影像甚至是虚拟现实平台，去描述一个未建成或正在建设中的三维空间的质量和特征。无论这些工具是为客户，还是建筑竞赛的评审服务，它们都是为了将一个想法变成现实。

如果你想要描述类似于一个项目的确切尺寸和维度这样的质量，那么最好使用更加精准的可视化工具，像工程制图。如果你想要展示一个更加笼统的点子或概念，那么一个草图或者表意符号是你的最佳选择。最后，如果你想要展示一个建构的空间分布，那么一张蓝图正合你意。建筑可视化，在另一个方面，绘制了更加现实的建成结果，也提供了关于尺寸和细节的更多信息。换句话说，它是一个完整的全览图，一个结合了形体、灯光、阴影、材质、颜色和建筑师个人特色的渲染物。

在一个以视觉传达为中心的世界，正如芬兰建筑师Juhani Pallasmaa在他的书《皮肤之眼》所解释的那样，“建筑采纳了广告学和即兴说服的心理战术”，在建筑领域，图纸和手绘方案正让位于“引人注目并过目难忘”的视觉内容。再加上我们的指尖下已经存在如雪崩般铺天盖地的图像，是时候考虑这些图像对受众所产生的瞬时反应了。例如，对于未经训练的眼睛，准确的尺寸并不如灯光、材料质量、质感、形状、颜色、或是其它任何创造氛围的元素有意义：后者是隐藏在图像后面的内涵。

“对于我来说，质量高的建筑就是能够打动我的建筑……人们是如何设计出那样美丽而自然而然的事物的……？一言以蔽之，是“氛围”。氛围是我们全都知道的，正如我们对某个人的第一印象。（……）在建筑领域也是一样。我进入一个建筑，看到一间房间，然后-在一瞬间-对于这个建筑产生了这种感觉。我们通过我们的感性来感知这种氛围，而感性是一种即刻反应的感知，也显然是我们人类赖以生存的一种能力……我们内心的某些东西会直接告知我们很多信息。我们有能力做出瞬时欣赏，做出自发的情感回应，做出当即的回绝。”
——Peter Zumthor，《氛围》

对于快速视觉冲击的追寻并非新鲜事物。在绘画领域，我们可以发现早在巴洛克时期就有这种追寻，此时，光线、明暗对比和色调成为创造特定感觉的基本元素。其它被视觉氛围定义的艺术运动是浪漫主义和印象主义，它们夸大颜色和光线的使用，以此来提高观者的情感体验，营造即刻的放松、平静甚至紧张的感觉。

另一方面，在摄影领域，摄像机可以操控并捕捉各方面的光，这个能力是的摄影师可以提高或修正图像的氛围。这强调了摄像师对于他们正在捕捉的空间做出的诠释，以及他们希望通过自己的摄影作品传达出的信息；然而，摄影强调的这些技术都和绘画异曲同工。本质上，它们都强调这这些元素-光线，质感，形状，色彩和色调-这些元素激发了观者的瞬时感觉。

正如绘画和摄影的案例，视觉艺术一直强调光线、阴影和颜色在观者瞬时意识和潜意识反应的作用。这引发了帮助视觉艺术家的工具和技术的进步，通过这些工具，视觉艺术家可以操控视觉氛围，利用从帆布、纸张到最近的荧幕等一系列介质，激发他们的观众的情感。

在建筑可视化领域，类似的工具的使用提供了机会，让大量想法和超乎测量和技术要求的信息得到传递，后者往往在未受训练的眼睛中会被忽视。另外，观者能够看到一个项目的全貌，即它在哪里建造，如何被使用，还有谁会使用它。

100家知名建筑事务所设计手稿合集

admin — Fri, 13 Jul 2018 11:36:27 +0000

非常感谢 ArchDaily 予ALA-Designdaily分享以下内容。

Appreciations towards ArchDaily for providing the following description:

时至今日，越来越多的电子产品和软件应用可供建筑师进行创作，手绘何以还是一项不可缺的技能？高度仿真的效果图、3D模型、虚拟现实等等，强大的新科技为建筑师开创了展示设计理念的新模式，并且可以在分秒之间与他人交流意见和做出反馈。但正正如此，手稿作为一门需要投入更多创作时间的‘不完美’艺术，才更见难能可贵。

在概念设计阶段，建筑师的草图大多凌乱随性，但倾注了全部热情绘制的草图是可以升华成艺术品的，对建筑师的甲方也具有吸引力。以下我们整理了100张来自全球多为建筑师的手稿，供读者阅览：

彩绘手稿

图片来自 Foster + Partners

概念草图

线稿

艺术表现草图

轴测图

技术草图

Revit在景观设计中的应用

admin — Thu, 11 Aug 2016 23:30:43 +0000

Anyone who is familiar with BIM and BIM software has almost undoubtedly heard of Revit. Revit is a fairly popular BIM platform, particularly among architects and building engineers. It is less commonly used by landscape architects, and is frequently declared as “unsuitable” for landscape modeling. Yet the reasons behind this verdict are often left unexplained, which is not helpful for those who would like to understand more about Revit and the BIM process.

So in an effort to share more specific and useful information pertaining to BIM and landscape architecture, here are some of the biggest issues and challenges that I have discovered while using Revit, both generally and as a landscape architect.

Like any software, Revit does have some drawbacks that might make it less appealing for some users. From the outset, Revit has two immediate challenges that affect all disciplines (including architects, engineers, and landscape architects): greater software cost and longer implementation time. These two “issues” are prevalent in almost any BIM software, but might be slightly more acute with Revit.

Starting with the cost, a single Revit license is $2,000 per year. For comparison, AutoCAD is only $1,680 annually, but Revit is a bit different in that it is generally required to stay up-to-date with the latest version every year, while with AutoCAD you can easily get by without the latest version. However, with Autodesk moving all of its products over to subscription only, this might make the cost difference almost negligible.

The second issue of longer implementation can be separated into two parts: it has a steeper learning curve and also requires substantial time to build a content library. Again, this is an issue that affects all disciplines within Revit, however with the added difficulties of applying Revit to landscape architecture, the learning curve can seem even steeper than average.

There is often a misconception that one of the barriers within landscape architecture is the lack of landscape Revit content available. While it is true there is not much landscape content, it is worth noting that Autodesk has historically provided very limited architectural and engineering Revit content. And in fact, the firms that currently use Revit most effectively have created their own content libraries over time. So what is perhaps most needed is simply the sharing of knowledge so that more landscape architects can learn how to create their own content.

Within the realm of landscape architecture, the main issue with using Revit is the lack of landscape-oriented workflows. This can be seen immediately on the ‘Massing and Site’ ribbon in Revit, where there are essentially only three site-specific/landscape tools: Create a Toposurface, Modify a Toposurface, and Create Property Lines. Of these three tools, the first is easily the most substantial in regards to modeling.
Topography is usually the base for creating any site or landscape in Revit, but currently it is both time-consuming and difficult to modify. These two issues stem from an overall problem with the surface engine; its only input is points and it does not allow you to adjust the output (the triangulation and contour lines). This causes some obvious problems when trying to fine-tune a surface to match certain contours or even simply match a TINN surface.

The properties of Topography are also unfortunately limited. There is no way to smooth the top of the surface, which is represented as a triangular mesh. There is also no way to delineate multiple soil types and depths; it is limited to a single material with an infinite depth. And within that single material, there is no way to create a tunnel or underground space below the top of the surface. Also, Phasing from existing conditions to proposed changes must be combined into a single Toposurface, which can make it even more difficult to manage those changes.

In addition to dealing with imprecise and difficult Topography, Revit does not have any built-in tools for modeling water or hardscape elements (such as roads, sidewalks, curbs, or any other pavement). Though there are other elements, such as Floors and In-Place Components, that can be used to model hardscape and curbs, these workarounds have their own issues, such as not interacting with Topo and displaying hardscape patterns incorrectly. And with such a significant lack of landscape-oriented workflows, it is hardly surprising that there are also no built-in tools for grading (or applying multiple slopes).

Another issue related to Topography and hardscape, is that Parking Components cannot interact correctly with a multi-sloped surface. This results in Parking lines that are frequently embedded into or even floating above a surface.

There is also no way to keep Parking in a bay or an array and also host to a varyingly sloped surface. These two these issues result in Parking Components that are both difficult to manage and inaccurately represented within the model.

Outside of its internal site tools, Revit also lacks the capacity to support many civil and infrastructure workflows. For starters, Revit file extents prefer to be kept within 20 miles in all directions (essentially a 20 mile cube). This limitation will result in warnings when working with larger dwgs, which unfortunately can happen quite frequently. And on larger landscape and civil projects, this arbitrary extents also has the potential to cause issues in the model.

Furthermore, Autodesk also offers almost no interoperability between Revit and Civil 3D. This is an issue that they appear to be trying to fix, but the current workflows between the programs are shockingly limited. As it exists today, a Revit user can link a Civil 3D dwg file, but this link does not transfer any information from AutoCAD to Revit. In the other direction, an AutoCAD user can xref a Revit file that has been exported to a dwg file. But again, this does not transfer any information from the model and a dwg export is not a live link, which further limits the entire workflow.

With all of these issues, Revit is certainly not a perfect landscape BIM solution. And after reading this article some might wonder why any landscape architect would even consider using it. But while Revit does have many shortcomings in regards to sites and landscapes, it also has many features that can improve modeling workflows, automate documentation, and enable better coordination. Stay tuned for the last part in the series, which discusses the benefits of using Revit to model landscapes.

Lauren Schmidt is a graduate landscape architect and the author of landarchBIM, a blog that focuses on BIM and design computation in landscape architecture. She is an avid Revit user and has also created an online video training course, Revit Landscape: An Introduction to Revit and Site Modeling.

第三保护区/The Third Reserve

admin — Thu, 04 Aug 2016 13:04:11 +0000

Optimizing Singapore’s Land Use
Singapore has a long and successful history of land optimization and intensification since its independence over a half century ago. To adjust for economic and population growth, the city-state continues to perform reclamation to ensure its industrial and commercial sector will flourish. Since Singapore’s first masterplan in 1958, each land use has been articulated and appropriated for specific usage with the exception of one: the island’s interior reserves. When seeing Singapore as a whole, large green swaths of land within the Western and Central regions of the island are dominantly used for passive open spaces, military facilities and storage. They are delineated from the urban fabric by major freeways, accessible only at discrete locations. These reserves have not been optimized to the same degree as the island’s developed land and remain underutilized. But what if Singapore could create a new reserve optimized to the same degree of the rest of island? A Third Reserve could address the future challenges facing the island with population growth and food security.

Aiding Singapore’s Growing Population
Currently Singapore imports 90% of its domestically consumed food; furthermore the population is expected to grow from 5.4 million to 6.9 by 2030. As such there are challenges facing the nation-state in reaching its goal of economic, social, and ecological resilience. The primary purpose of The Third Reserve will be the cultivation of food in addition to water management and habitat creation. It will become reserve that couples necessary infrastructures with densification of neighboring townships, the access to open space and ecological nodes and the management of water systems that will reshape this territory. This territory will exist at a level of intensity comparable with Singapore’s developments. It will become a cultivated icon; giving a visual connection to a food source for a country that is well known for its eclectic and vibrant culinary cuisines.

The Third Reserve lies in the Eastern Region of Singapore and utilizes Paya Lebar air base that is surrounded by six New Town communities and is impeded by a ring of an underdeveloped industrial land. This project proposes breaking up the ring around the seven square kilometer base and redistributing it all along the perimeter to allow for intensified infrastructural development. Over time, this will promote the growth of the existing New Towns toward the edge of the reserve and create a new city fabric along the edge. The adjacency between productive urban fabrics and productive landscape fields serves to foster innovative, diverse development zones that connect and intensify existing adjacent neighborhoods allowing industry, business, multimodal networks and living spaces to synthesize. The Third Reserve will be composed of three interdependent elements: the Productive Core, the Distributive Band and the Productive Edge.

The Productive Core: Producing the Manicured and the Wild
The Productive Core is the fertile heart of the Third Reserve. It serves to integrate the optimization of crop yields with the spectacle of innovative technologies and quotidian domestic patterns of daily life. Robust and diverse, the core can host a range of productive zones of agriculture from leafy greens in subterranean and vertical farms to varied aquaculture production. While cultivating these products, the core is also home to recreational activities that reflect its productive zones: strolling the regimented allées of lush orchards, kayaking the waters of catchment basins and climbing skywalks with rare views into of lush rainforests.

The Distribution Band: Connecting People, Places, and Products
Around this core exists the pivotal connector between urban fabric and production landscape: the Distributive Band. The band contains all of the necessary infrastructure for both systems: industrial rail and road systems in addition to public metro and light rail networks. These logistic mobility systems are intertwined rather than discreet; by stacking, weaving, and stretching these linear paths the band creates opportunities for architecturalized infrastructure which plugs into urban centers rather than acting as separate threads in the landscape. Allowing this creates an active threshold between the thickened condition of the densified urban townships and the vast expanse of the productive core.

The Productive Edge: Thickening the Reserve Perimeter
The final component of the Third Reserve is the Productive Edge, the urban fabric which acts as the sinew between the Core and the existing fabric of Singapore. While existing reserves are marred by undeveloped tracts outside their perimeter and become remote regions, the Productive Edge is a thickened threshold that weaves together existing urban streetscapes with new business and domestic districts. This integration will establish a new way for Singapore to develop along the perimeter of reserve land. As the existing townships redevelop and expand, growth will be drawn towards the infrastructural nodes of the Distributive Band, connecting citizens with easy access to new financial centers, shopping, living areas and entry points into the reserve itself, creating a dense and diversified live-play-work paradigm.

Imagining the New Singapore Model
The Third Reserve embodies a new prototype for open space, infrastructure and development while tapping into Singapore’s potential for production, optimization and spatial precision. So many development ventures in the country look outward with reclaiming its coastal edge, predominantly for shipping and refineries. At the same time population increase pressures the Urban Redevelopment Authority of Singapore to imagine new ways to organize and invigorate the urban core inward. Singapore has always been concerned in meeting the current and future needs of their people: autonomous resources, protected ecological systems, thriving economy, and access to livable environments for all citizens. As such, creating a resilient nation is at the forefront of their ambitions. The Third Reserve looks to how those goals can manifest into the built environment and is an opportunity to reimagine the island’s reserves as highly productive environmental and ecological assets that serve to enhance the quality of life for all Singaporeans, both current and future.

SOURCE
Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore. “Think Fresh: Annual Report 2013/14.” www.ava.gov.sg, 2014.
Urban Redevelopment Authority. “Land Use Plan to Support Singapore’s Future Population.” ura.gov.sg, 2013.

The Third Reserve
Location | Singapore
Design Team: Joseph Rosenberg, Daniel Lau, Lindsay Rule
Text and images | Joseph Rosenberg (MLA ’15), Daniel Lau (MArch ’16), Lindsay Rule(MLA/MArch ’15) University of Pennsylvania
Advisors | Christopher Marcinkowski, faculty of Landscape Architecture, Joshua Freese, faculty of Architecture, Marilyn Jordan Taylor, Dean of University of Pennsylvania

建筑绘画的过程/Drawing Process of Architecten

admin — Sat, 30 Jul 2016 16:47:06 +0000

感谢来自 Architecten de Vylder Vinck Taillieu对ALA-Designdaily的分享。Appreciation towards Architecten de Vylder Vinck Taillieufor providing the following description:

Belgian architectural office “Architecten de Vylder Vinck Taillieu” (A DVVT) uses to produce a wide range of architectural drawings that cannot be confined to a specific style or technique. As the practice is deeply concerned with the construction process, drawings are most of the time used not to purely show or communicate a project, but to test and explore the building and to control the fabrication process already at the early stages of design. The tension between the study of construction and the representation leads to a variety of drawings techniques (sketching, scribbling, pen-illustrating, working on technical drawings, hand-rendering, collaging), that usually incorporate a layer of humour and “educated” naiveté, often obtaining unconventional results.

Only through understanding how something is created, design is able to play out its critical attitude (Via)

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分裂的数字图像/Disintegrating Digital Images

admin — Thu, 28 Jul 2016 14:13:30 +0000

感谢来自 Laura Charlton对ALA-Designdaily的分享。Appreciation towardsLaura Charltonfor providing the following description:

Laura Charlton is a Brooklyn-based artist who works with silkscreen prints and monoprints

The abstraction in her print works is obtained by manipulating immaterial sources, such as YouTube videos, screenprinting the collected stills in layers of halftone images and then cutting them into geometric shapes. A moiré effect is usually obtained by superimposing halftone patterns. The monoprint technique is employed for images of unfolded and repeated layers of cardboards boxes.

I use silkscreen as a tool to investigate the creation of physical artworks from disintegrating digital images. (…) The structures that I build up from these fragments grow organically, preceding their own design. Forms negating themselves, light/dark negating space, exotopic/endotopic- Klee’s concept of the multidimensional plane. L.C. 2014

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15年意大利双年展扎哈作品 Zaha Hadid Exhibition

admin — Mon, 25 Jul 2016 06:53:04 +0000

感谢来自 ZAHA HADID ARCHITECTS对ALA-Designdaily的分享。Appreciation towardsZAHA HADID ARCHITECTS for providing the following description:

Zaha Hadid exhibition at Palazzo Franchetti in Venice, from May 27 to November 27 2016.

In celebration of Zaha Hadid’s career in architecture and design that spans four decades, Fondazione Berengo will host an abridged retrospective exhibition of her work at the 16th century Palazzo Franchetti on the Grand Canal, Venice, Italy.

The exhibition, coinciding with this year’s Venice Architectural Biennale, showcases many of the seminal paintings, drawings and models of Hadid’s repertoire, conveying the ingenuity and dynamism of her architectural projects in a variety of media including photography and film.

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Ueno Planet 海报集

admin — Sun, 24 Jul 2016 12:02:56 +0000

感谢来自 Haruka Misawa对ALA-Designdaily的分享。Appreciation towards Haruka Misawafor providing the following description:

“Ueno Planet for Exhibition” is a collection of posters and brochures by Japanese designer Haruka Misawa and her office, the Misawa Design Institute. The posters are promotional material for the Ueno zoo in Tokyo and feature the drawings of several islands and pavilions. Misawa employs a reduced palette composed mostly of different shades of green with the color white used only to depict the animals and the light architectural structures. Plants and trees are carefully described through a large number of details even if the general drawings keep an overall simplicity and immediacy. Also worth of notice is Haruka Misawa’s beautifully drawn biography.

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